Myths about the Misas de aguinaldo

Myths about the Misas de aguinaldo

Myth 1: The misas de aguinaldo were established in the 16th century in Mexico.
Fact: The misas de aguinaldo were imported in the 16th century to Mexico.

On 5 August 1586, Pope Sixtus V issued the bull Licet is from the Basilica of Saint Mark the Evangelist on the Capitoline Hill. We mention the place because some authors have claimed that the incipit of the bull was Apud Sanctum Marcum. In the standard composition of papal documents, the preposition apud usually appears towards the end of the document to mark the place where the bull was given. You may check Summorum Pontificum and you will see apud Sanctum Petrum towards the end.

The bull is not even about the misas de aguinaldo! It is about the missionary activity of the Augustinians, at this time organised as the Order of the Hermit Friars of Saint Augustine. In order to promote church attendance, Pope Sixtus V granted a partial indulgence of twenty years and twenty quarantines (approximately 22 years) in perpetuity to the natives who (1) visited the churches of the Augustinians on the feasts of the Blessed Virgin, or of Saint Augustine, or of other saints of the Order, or of Saint Lazarus, or of Saint Michael the Archangel; or (2) attended the misas de aguinaldo in honour of the virginity of the Blessed Virgin. To gain the indulgence, the natives must pray (1) for the exaltation of Holy Mother Church, (2) for the propagation of the Catholic faith, and (3) for the constancy of those newly converted to the faith in the aforesaid faith.

This indult was granted through the efforts of Fray Diego de Soria, at one time, procurator of the Augustinian provinces of Mexico, who is also credited to have introduced the custom of the posadas in Mexico.


Myth 2: We cannot establish why the misas de aguinaldo were named thus.
Fact: We can establish that the misas de aguinaldo were named thus after that ancient custom of feeding the poor after the Masses celebrated in honour of the Expectation of the Blessed Virgin for a period of nine days prior to Christmas.

It is important to set forth that the elements misa and aguinaldo developed separately, and sometime in the Middle Ages, they became linked.

We owe the element misa to the feast of the Expectation of the Blessed Virgin. In 656 A.D., the Tenth Council of Toledo decreed that the feast of the Annunciation be transferred from 25 March to 18 December. This was the time of the Old Hispanic Rite. With the introduction of the Roman Rite in Spain, the transferred Annunciation began to be distinguished from the original feast, until the feast was retained as belonging to the Expectation by Pope Gregory XIII on 30 December 1573 with the bull Pastoralis Officii cura.

That the feast of the Expectation was celebrated for nine continuous days before Christmas, we know from the rescript of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 22 November 1687. On behalf of the Regular Theatine Clergy of the Sainte-Anne-la-Royale in Paris, Cardinal Paluzzo Altieri obtained permission from the Congregation for the same Order to recite each year the Office of the Expectation “beginning on the first day of the novena of the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, as it is recited, by the authority of the Sacred Congregation, in other parts of the world.”

We owe the second element aguinaldo to the Mozarabs. Etymologists disagree in the origin of the word. Those who search in the Latin horizon propose hoc in anno, alluding to the monetary compensation given at the end of the year, but in order to arrive at aguinaldo, we are led to a labyrinth of morphophonemic changes. Those who favour an Arabic origin, as this author, simply take out ganaya, which both alludes to wealth and to song. Placing the Arabic article to the derivative guinayto, we easily arrive at alguinaytu, and the rest is just dissimilation and metathesis. The Mozarabic pathway actually explains the semantic duplicity of aguinaldo as both a Christmas gift and a Christmas carol.

That aguinaldos were given in the Middle Ages during December, we ascertain from a record of a grant or reward made by the ayuntamiento of Murcia to Alfonso Torres, warden, and his wife Bertomeva Fernández de Leyenda on 16 December 1469. This, however, is a civil example of the aguinaldo, which demonstrates the separate development of both elements.

We can never probably answer when the misas became linked to the aguinaldos, but we can answer how they became linked. Our answer comes from the vita of Saint Simon de Roxas, who was declared servant of God on 25 March 1753 by Pope Clement XII, beatified on 19 March 1766 by Pope Clement XIII, and canonised on 3 July 1988 by Pope Saint John Paul II. Saint Simon, who founded the Congregation of the Slaves of the Most Sweet Name of Mary on 14 April 1612, commanded that after Mass on every third Sunday of each month, and on the feast of the Expectation and the remaining days until Christmas, seventy-two poor people are to be fed in memory of the seventy-two years of our Lady. This corporal work of mercy is the aguinaldo that eventually became inseparable to the misas of the Expectation. In fact, the author of the vita calls it the aguinaldo de Nuestra Señora. It would not be surprising that these misas celebrated before the aguinaldos de Nuestra Señora would eventually be called misas de aguinaldo.

It is a farfetched supposition, but do you not wonder why we Filipinos eat bibingka and puto bumbong after the misas de aguinaldo? That is probably how the original feeding of the hungry instituted by Saint Simon de Roxas survived.


Myth 3: The Third Provincial Council of Mexico ordered that the misas de aguinaldo be celebrated at dawn.
Fact: The Third Provincial Council of Mexico actually forbade Masses to be celebrated after sunset and before sunrise.

The bishops of Mexico convened the Third Provincial Council of Mexico in 1585. Its acts and decrees were confirmed by Pope Sixtus V on 28 October 1589, and authorised by the Spanish King, Felipe III, in a royal decree dated 18 September 1591. [Note: Under the royal patronage, no bull from Rome will be accepted in the Spanish Realms without the decree of the Crown.] The pertinent decree reads:

Let nobody celebrate Mass before dawn, and neither after noon (unless due to a privilege conceded to it for the purpose), and certainly, let the Masses, which in Spanish are called misas de aguinaldo, be not celebrated before the day will have begun to dawn.

The prohibition to celebrate Masses before sunrise is a consequence of another decree in the same Council that orders the sealing of all ecclesiastic edifices when the Angelus bell is given at sunset, in order to preserve them from desecration and theft. They can only be opened at night on Christmas Eve and during the Easter Triduum.

To replace the misas de aguinaldo, which, on account of its hour of celebration, had been forbidden by the Third Provincial Council of Mexico, Fray Diego Soria introduced theposadas.


Myth 4: The misas de aguinaldo were celebrated at dawn to allow farmers to attend Mass before tending their fields.
Fact: The custom of celebrating the misas de aguinaldo, as well as the feast of the Expectation, at dawn was independent of the agricultural dispositions of the people.

The custom itself of celebrating Liturgies at the earliest hours goes back to 380 A.D. Later, the hour of celebrating Mass depended on the canonical hours. Feasts were normally celebrated after the hour of terce, or in certain cases, after the hour of none. These hours are not pre-dawn hours, because the reckoning of canonical hours depended on the position of the sun in the sky, not on absolute time. Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, in his diary of the voyage of Christopher Columbus, writes on 18 December 1492 that “at dawn, he [Columbus] commanded that the ship and the caravel be bedecked with arms and banners for the feast which was on this day that of Saint Mary of the O, or the commemoration of the Annunciation.”

Much later, in the 16th century, we read from a description of the customs of the see of Toledo that “the traditional day of the aguinaldo is the feast of the Nativity,” on which, “Mass after prime finished, the canons met in the Chapter’s Hall, according to use and custom, to greet one another and distribute the aguinaldo to the officials and the servers.” Prime is the first hour of the day, corresponding to sunrise. It is preceded by matins at midnight, and lauds between midnight and daybreak.

The only example we have of agriculture being linked to the misas de aguinaldo is the rescript of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 24 January 1682. The dubium asked whether it is lawful to omit the Gloria and the Credo in the misas de aguinaldo from the second to the ninth day, if ancient and immemorial devotion might have applied the Masses for the recently sown fields and for the health of all people. The Sacred Congregation responded in the negative.


Myth 5: Fray Felipe Pardo, archbishop of Manila, complained to the Sacred Congregation of Rites about the behaviour of the people in the misas de aguinaldo, which provoked the dicastery to authorise the suppression of the custom.
Fact: Fray Felipe Pardo simply implemented the rescript of the Sacred Congregation of Rites concerning abuses committed in the misas de aguinaldo.

The complaint was submitted to the Sacred Congregation of Rites by the master of ceremonies of the cathedral of Seville, Don Diego Díaz de Escobar. He pointed out that themisas de aguinaldo were celebrated with Gloria and Credo and with only one collect, adding that laypeople joined with the choir in singing carols that provoked laughter. On 16 January 1677, the Congregation ordered that the abuses “are repugnant to the rubrics and to the opinions of those to whom these were related,” and “ought to be destroyed altogether.”

These laughter-provoking carols probably survive to this day. Examples we can mention are the carols Rín, rín (which mentions gypsies stealing the swaddling clothes of the Divine Infant) and Los peces en el río (which mentions the Blessed Virgin taking a bath with a spent bar of soap).

The rescript arrived in the Philippines in 1680 and Fray Felipe immediately suppressed themisas de aguinaldo. The custom only returned when he died on 1689.

[Note: The practice alleged as an abuse by Don Diego concerning the Gloria and the Credowas actually sanctioned by the Sacred Congregation of Rites thirty years earlier. In a rescript to the diocese of Angra, dated 2 September 1658, the Congregation noted that the Masses can be solemnly sung according to custom at the established canonical hour. Nevertheless, the rescript of 24 January 1682 categorically forbids the omission of the Gloria and the Credo.]


Myth 6: The misas de aguinaldo were celebrated continuously after 1682 until the present in all churches of the Philippines.
Fact: There are certain circumstances in the ecclesiastic history of the Philippines which indicate that the misas de aguinaldo died in some churches in the archipelago.

First, the misas de aguinaldo were celebrated as Sung Masses. The rubric in the 1913Directorium Manilense uses the word cantantur in describing the action made with themisas de aguinaldo. In the rubrical language of the Church, the verb canto is strictly reserved for sung portions of the liturgy, whereas dico can be applied to both spoken and sung portions. We would like to think that all our churches during the Spanish era had choirs, but that was not always the case. In the provinces, only the principal church, besides the cathedral, would have been able to support a choir.

Second, the misas de aguinaldo were celebrated in candlelight. To navigate their way to the church during the novena, our ancestors invented the parol, taken directly from the Spanishfarol, which means lantern. The cost of celebrating the misas de aguinaldo, considering that a parish had an entire church to partially light with candles for nine days, would have been overwhelming to that parish if it were of small means and meagre income. The price alone of the beeswax that was used in candles would have been constricting. Beeswax was not cheap, and it still is not. To get a picture of how expensive beeswax candles are, consider a standard altar candle, two feet in length and one inch in diameter. If you get a complete set of these candles, all six of them, in partial beeswax (with admixtures of other materials) nowadays, you will be confronted by a figure followed by four zeroes. And those zeroes are before the decimal. [Note: The ilustrados railed against the friars for imposing an exorbitant arancel on candles, conveniently forgetting to mention that the material used for candles during their time was expensive in the first place. This was the time when the Church did not tolerate adulterated matter in the candles used in Her liturgies.]

Third, when the suppression of the misas de aguinaldo was lifted, the Franciscans of the Philippines persisted in their proscription of the custom. In their statutes published after the provincial chapter they celebrated in Manila in 1867, the Franciscans reiterated their firm proscriptions to the misas de aguinaldo.

The aforesaid Guardians (of the Province) shall not permit in our churches that the misas de aguinaldo be sung, or motets, or Christmas carols during Mass.

This proscription of the misas de aguinaldo was unique and peculiar to the Franciscans of the Philippines, who came from the Alcantarine family of the Order. It appears that the prohibition is quite ancient, having been set forth in 1655. [Note: Among the peculiarities of the Province of Saint Gregory the Great, one would find the prohibition of the use of the dalmatic and the tunicle pursuant to the ancient custom of the Alcantarines. The friars were only allowed to use these vestments in funerals for laypeople whose survivors strongly demanded the highest honours for their beloved.]

Fourth, and this is, at the moment, anecdotal, the misas de aguinaldo were virtually already forgotten in many parishes in the archipelago at the crepuscule of Spanish rule that the new religious congregations that took over the churches attendant to the coming of the Americans had to actually revive the custom in their parishes and missions, and this effort of reviving the misas de aguinaldo was initially coldly received by their parishioners, who had long been accustomed to not waking up early for said Masses.

We have a tendency to look at our ecclesiastic patrimony as something consistent in terms of exercise. And, when it comes to a tradition that we Filipinos have owned as a distinguishing mark of our faith, our pride overtakes our better judgment, propped by a casual blindness of our own history, both civil and ecclesiastic, owing to the fact that most of the primary sources available are written in languages no longer spoken by both the literate and the illiterate majority.


Ut in omnibus laudetur Dominus.

All photos © Maurice Joseph M. Almadrones

Source: Allerite, Jesson. The history of the misa de aguinaldo: from Spain to the Philippine Islands. 2013. TS. Author’s private collection.

Source: Myths about the Misas de aguinaldo

CHURCH HISTORY-PART 1: APOSTLES AND EARLY CHRISTIANS WERE CATHOLICS By Aloysius Kayiwa

12 hours ago by Aloysius Kayiwa

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St. Irenaeus, one of the Church Fathers and a great defender of the Christian faith against Gnostics in his Against Heresies. His Spiritual lineage dates back to John the Beloved Apostle.

Aloysius Kayiwa-Staff Apologist

I once asked a Baptist lady if she can trace the history of her sect back to the first century but her answer was as expected. “Our Church follows the KJV Bible and we align our beliefs to what the Bible says….”  She dodged my question immediately! This is some how the same answer given by Cultists like Soriano and his followers, Iglesia Ni Manalo, and some Evangelicals who claim that their sects and cults date back to Early Christians but when you ask them to prove any Early Christian who proscribed to their sects, they fail to provide evidence! This is because they simply do not know. How many of these actually study Early Christianity and the Ancient Church?  Very few. In fact, I boldly say that the average Protestant “Born Again” Christian or a follower of these self-proclaimed false prophets like Soriano has no clue about Church history after the death of the last apostle in about AD 100. Their most common understanding of Church history goes something like this…

“First you had the story of Jesus in the gospels.  Then the apostles went out and preached the Word to the Gentiles in the Book of Acts.  Then the apostles got old, and Christians started to get persecuted. Then the Jewish Temple was destroyed in AD 70. Then the last apostle, John, died in about AD 100.  After that came the “dark ages” that lasted 1,500 years.  First Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire, then by the Catholic Church, and then finally, the “dark ages” ended with the Protestant Reformation in about the 16th century.  The End.”

Only a small handful of learnt Protestant scholars, meaning those who read a lot of history books, know about Church History. Ask a Baptist, ADD or Iglesia Ni Manalo member, you will find out. Before and beyond that, they know nothing. Baptists try to connect their origin to Apostles but a big gap between the 16^thcentury back to 1^st Century debunks their claim. They can’t trace their roots back to Apostles.

Do a little test if you don’t believe me.  Go to an Evangelical church and do a little survey as people are walking out to after their prayers. Ask the people attending if they can name a single significant event in Church history between AD 500 and 1500.  Go ahead. Give it a try and see what you come up with. Then ask them if they can tell you when the Bible was compiled into a single book. See if they can narrow it down to within a century. They will tell you that the Bible existed a long time ago with no evidence for their claim! Ask them who brought Christianity to the Philippines? Ask them who brought Christianity to England? Ask them who brought Christianity to South America? Ask them who brought Christianity to Africa? Etc…

The truth is, and I dare you to try it and see for yourself, most Protestants and Cultists will just look at you with a blank stare. They won’t know the answer to any of these questions. Finally, ask them what the Early Christians believed, and what the teaching and practice was of the Ancient Church. Then they’ll go into trivial issues of all kinds of things that look surprisingly similar to their churches they just walked out of. So the question must be raised; if these people have no clue about Christian history between AD 100 to 1500, then what makes you believe they know what they’re talking about when it comes to Christian history prior to AD 400?  The truth is, the AVERAGE Protestant/Evangelical/Cultist doesn’t know. They can’t honestly tell you what the Early Christians believed, because they don’t know. They can’t honestly tell you what the Ancient Church practiced, because they don’t know. I do hope this article will go a little way toward correcting that problem.

The truth is that early Christians were Catholics. There is no need for guess work. It’s all laid out for us in black and white, provided of course that somebody is willing to read it. Many scholars have, and of course, these writings have been translated into English so that anyone interested may browse through them. Below I will cite the writings of ancient Christians on some key topics that will give us a true glimpse of what the Early Christians actually believed and prove that they were Catholics.

THE CATHOLIC PAUL

Here i will just use the example of the Apostle Paul to prove that Apostles were Catholics. From the Bible, we can plainly see that Paul submitted himself to Papal Authority. First, St. Paul did get his commission directly from Jesus Christ, on the way to Damascus. St. Paul didn’t just stand up on his own one day and decide to become a preacher. St. Paul even says in Romans 10:15 that no one can preach unless he is SENT. In recognition of this, after Paul had spent 3 years in Arabia following his conversion, he went and submitted himself to the chair of Peter, inGalatians 1:18. But being sent by Christ to preach to the Gentiles and being submissive to Peter were not the only Catholic things that Paul did. Paul was very keen on oral tradition, something that Catholics today say is just as important as sacred scripture. In 2 Thessalonians 2:15, Paul says to “hold fast to the traditions we taught you, either written or by WORD OF MOUTH. Most Protestants today disagree with Paul, saying that all tradition is somehow evil while Catholics totally agree with Paul.

Paul was also very outspoken on the Real Presence of Jesus in the Holy Eucharist. In 1 Corinthians 10:16-21, St. Paul says that the cup of blessing is a participation in the blood of Christ (not “symbolic”), and the breaking of the bread is a participation in the body of Christ (not “symbolic”). He then goes on to compare the Eucharistic sacrifice of Christ with the Jewish sacrifice on the altar, as well as with the pagan sacrifices on the altar. Now either Paul doesn’t know how to write properly and is using false comparisons with other altar sacrifices, OR the Eucharist is indeed a true sacrifice on an altar. Why else would Paul compare the Eucharist to other altar sacrifices?  As if to emphasize his belief in the Real Presence of Jesus in the Eucharist, Paul continues talking about it in the very next chapter, 1 Corinthians 11:23-30, where he says that whoever eats and drinks the Eucharist in an unworthy manner is guilty of profaning THE BODY AND THE BLOOD OF JESUS (if it’s just a symbol, then this would be impossible.)

St.Paul believed in Sacrament of Confession. Yes he did, in 2 Corinthians 5:18-21. Paul says that the ministry of reconciliation (forgiveness of our sins) was given to him by Christ. On behalf of Christ, Paul urges us all to be reconciled with God.  Many protestants believe that they can confess their sins directly to God, and not go through a minister, but this philosophy is only to be found in the Old Testament, not the New Testament. For instance, we have St. John the Baptist hearing the people’s sins prior to baptism in Mark 1:5, and in John 20:21-23, Jesus gives his priests the power to forgive sins. In James 5:16, he says to confess your sins to one another. And in Acts 19:18, many people came forward confessing their sins and evil practices. Confessing one’s sins to a minister of reconciliation is very New Testament. Confessing your sins to God directly is the Old Testament way, and is no longer in force.

Paul also believed in personal mortification, like Catholics do during Lent. InColossians 1:24, Paul says that he rejoices in his personal sufferings, and completes WHAT IS LACKING IN THE SUFFERINGS OF CHRIST, for the sake of the Church. By suffering, we come to know Christ as He came to know us – in bodily suffering. Paul also says in 1 Corinthians 9:27 that he mortifies his flesh, so that after preaching to us, he himself will not be disqualified. This not only reinforces the self-mortification aspect of Paul’s teaching, it also refutes the heretical “once saved, always saved’ teaching of protestants.

And speaking of the false “once saved, always saved” theory, Paul directly refutes it in Hebrews 10: 26-29, when he says that if you deliberately sin after being sanctified by grace, then you can expect nothing less than an ordeal of fire, because you have profaned the blood of the covenant (the Holy Eucharist) by which you were sanctified, and outraged the Holy Spirit. That certainly doesn’t sound like once saved, always saved, and in fact, backs up St. Peter in 2 Peter 2:20-22.

St. Paul also believes in praying for the dead. He prayed for the dead Onesiphorus in 2 Timothy 1:16-18, asking not only blessings for his household, but for Onesiphorus to receive mercy at the final judgment.

St. Paul also didn’t preach that the bible alone is his philosophy. Rather, in 1 Timothy 3:15, St. Paul says that the Church is the pillar and bulwark of truth, rather than sacred scripture, which many protestants hold up to be the pillar and bulwark of truth. Catholics agree completely with St. Paul here.

And St. Paul was not only celibate, he recommended celibacy. Many protestants mistakenly believe that celibacy leads to child abuse, which is crazy, because Jesus, St. John the Baptist, and St. Paul were all celibate. St. Paul says in 1 Corinthians 7:8-22, that marriage is ok, but IT IS BETTER TO REMAIN UNMARRIED, because then you are trying to please the Lord, not your wife.

There are other Catholic beliefs Paul embraced like good works being a necessary component of our Salvation-as fruits of our faith for example inColossians 1:10  – “We should live a life pleasing to God, bearing fruit in every good work.” Paul does condemn the useless works of the law like circumcision, in Romans 3:28. Luther mistranslated this “works of the law” into “good works,” which does not agree with other scriptures like James 2:24, where God says that we are justified by works, and not by faith alone.  It’s sad how so many people today still believe Luther and not James.

EARLY CHRISTIANS CALLED THEMSELVES CATHOLICS

“See that ye all follow the bishop, even as Christ Jesus does the Father, and the presbytery as ye would the apostles. Do ye also reverence the deacons, as those that carry out through their office the appointment of God. Let no man do anything connected with the Church without the bishop. Let that be deemed a proper Eucharist, which is administered either by the bishop, or by one to whom he has entrusted it. Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude[of the people] also be; by the bishop, or by one to whom he has entrusted it. Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude[of the people] also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church.” — Ignatius of Antioch,Epistle to the Smyrneans, 8:2 (written A.D. 110)

“All the people wondered that there should be such a difference between the unbelievers and the elect, of whom this most admirable Polycarp was one, having in our own times been an apostolic and prophetic teacher, and bishop of the Catholic Church which is in Smyrna. For every word that went out of his mouth either has been or shall yet be accomplished.” — Martyrdom of Polycarp,16:2 (written A.D. 155)

“Nor does it consist in this, that he should again falsely imagine, as being above this [fancied being], a Pleroma at one time supposed to contain thirty, and at another time an innumerable tribe of Aeons, as these teachers who are destitute of truly divine wisdom maintain; while the Catholic Church possesses one and the same faith throughout the whole world, as we have already said.” —Irenaeus,Against Heresies,1:10,3 (written in A.D. 180)

“For the blessed apostle Paul himself,following the rule of his predecessor John, writes only by name to seven Churches in the following order–to the Corinthians a first…there is a second to the Corinthians and to the Thessalonians, yet one Church is recognised as being spread over the entire world…Howbeit to Philemon one, to Titus one, and to Timothy two were put in writing…to be in honour however with the Catholic Church for the ordering of ecclesiastical discipline…one to the Laodicenes, another to the Alexandrians, both forged in Paul’s name to suit the heresy of Marcion, and several others, which cannot be received into the Catholic Church; for it is not fitting that gall be mixed with honey. The Epistle of Jude no doubt, and the couple bearing the name of John, are accepted by the Catholic Church…But of Arsinous,called also Valentinus,or of Militiades we receive nothing at all.” — The fragment of Muratori (written in A.D. 177)

In his Catechetical lectures (348-386 AD), St. Cyril of Jerusalem who was a successor of St.James the Apostle in the See of Jerusalem taught;

“22. . . . Now then let me finish what still remains to be said for the Article, “In one Holy Catholic Church,” on which, though one might say many things, we will speak but briefly.”

“23. It is called Catholic then because it extends over all the world, from one end of the earth to the other; and because it teaches universally and completely one and all the doctrines which ought to come to men’s knowledge, concerning things both visible and invisible, heavenly and earthly ; and because it brings into subjection to godliness the whole race of mankind, governors and governed, learned and unlearned; and because it universally treats and heals the whole class of sins, which are committed by soul or body, and possesses in itself every form of virtue which is named, both in deeds and words, and in every kind of spiritual gifts.”

“24. And it is rightly named Church [Ecclesia/Assembly] because it calls forth and assembles together all men; according as the Lord says in Leviticus, And make an assembly for all the congregation at the door of the tabernacle of witness. And it is to be noted, that the word assemble, is used for the first time in the Scriptures here, at the time when the Lord puts Aaron into the High-priesthood…..”

“And in one Holy Catholic Church;” that thou mayest avoid their wretched meetings, and ever abide with the Holy Church Catholic in which thou wast regenerated. And if ever thou art sojourning in cities, inquire not simply where the Lord’s House is (for the other sects of the profane also attempt to call their own dens houses of the Lord), nor merely where the Church is, but where is the Catholic Church. For this is the peculiar name of this Holy Church, the mother of us all, which is the spouse of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Only-begotten Son of God”

“28. In this Holy Catholic Church receiving instruction and behaving ourselves virtuously, we shall attain the kingdom of heaven, and inherit Eternal Life; for which also we endure all toils, that we may be made partakers thereof from the Lord. For ours is no trifling aim, but our endeavour is for eternal life.”

EARLY CHRISTIANS WERE TRINITARIAN

“Our teacher of these things is Jesus Christ, who also was born for this purpose, and was crucified under Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judaea, in the times of Tiberius Caesar; and that we reasonably worship Him, having learnt that He is the Son of the true God Himself, and holding Him in the second place, and the prophetic Spirit in the third, we will prove.” — Justin Martyr, First Apology,13 (written in A.D. 155)

“For God did not stand in need of these [beings], in order to the accomplishing of what He had Himself determined with Himself beforehand should be done, as if He did not possess His own hands. For with Him were always present the Word and Wisdom, the Son and the Spirit, by whom and in whom, freely and spontaneously, He made all things, to whom also He speaks, saying, ‘Let Us make man after Our image and likeness;’ He taking from Himself the substance of the creatures [formed], and the pattern of things made, and the type of all the adornments in the world.” — Irenaeus, Against Heresies,4,20:1 (written in A.D. 180)

“The statements made regarding Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are to be understood as transcending all time, all ages, and all eternity. For it is the Trinity alone which exceeds the comprehension not only of temporal but even of eternal intelligence; while other things which are not included in it are to be measured by times and ages.” — Origen, First Principles,4:28 (written in A.D. 230)

“For the kingdom of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, is one, even as their substance is one and their dominion one. Whence also, with one and the same adoration, we worship the one Deity in three Persons, subsisting without beginning, uncreated, without end, and to which there is no successor. For neither will the Father ever cease to be the Father, nor again the Son to be the Son and King, nor the Holy Ghost to be what in substance and personality He is.” — Methodius, Oration on the Palms,4 (written in A.D. 305)

THE EARLY CHRISTIANS BAPTISED THEIR CHILDREN AND INFANTS

“For He came to save all through means of Himself–all, I say, who through Him are born again to God–infants, and children, and boys, and youths, and old men.” — Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 2,22:4 (written in A.D. 180)

“And they shall baptise the little children first. And if they can answer for themselves, let them answer. But if they cannot, let their parents answer or someone from their family.” — Hippolytus of Rome, Apostolic Tradition,21 (written in A.D. 215)

“For this reason, moreover, the Church received from the apostles the tradition of baptising infants too.” — Origen, Homily on Romans, V:9 (written in A.D. 244)

“Baptism is given for the remission of sins; and according to the usage of the Church, Baptism is given even to infants. And indeed if there were nothing in infants which required a remission of sins and nothing in them pertinent to forgiveness, the grace of baptism would seem superfluous.” — Origen, Homily on Leviticus,8:3 (written in A.D. 244)

EARLY CHRISTIANS BELIEVED THE VIRGIN MARY WAS IMMACULATE (WITHOUT SIN)

“This Virgin Mother of the Only-begotten of God, is called Mary, worthy of God, immaculate of the immaculate, one of the one.” — Origen, Homily 1 (written in A.D. 244)

“Thou alone and thy Mother are in all things fair, there is no flaw in thee and no stain in thy Mother.” — Ephraem, Nisibene Hymns,27:8 (written in A.D. 370)

“It helps us to understand the terms ‘first-born’ and ‘only-begotten’ when the Evangelist tells that Mary remained a virgin ‘until she brought forth her first-born son’ [Matt. 1:25]; for neither did Mary, who is to be honored and praised above all others, marry anyone else, nor did she ever become the Mother of anyone else, but even after childbirth she remained always and forever an immaculate virgin” —-Didymus the Blind,The Trinity 3:4 (A.D. 386).

“Mary, a Virgin not only undefiled but a Virgin whom grace has made inviolate, free of every stain of sin.” — Ambrose,Sermon 22:30 (written in A.D. 388)

THE EARLY CHRISTIANS PRAYED TO THE VIRGIN MARY

“For as Eve was seduced by the word of an angel to flee from God, having rebelled against His Word, so Mary by the word of an angel received the glad tidings that she would bear God by obeying his Word. The former was seduced to disobey God, but the latter was persuaded to obey God, so that the Virgin Mary might become the advocate of the virgin Eve. As the human race was subjected to death through [the act of] a virgin, so it was saved by a virgin.” —Irenaeus, Against Heresies, V:19,1 (written in A.D. 180)

“O noble Virgin, truly you are greater than any other greatness. For who is your equal in greatness, O dwelling place of God the Word? To whom among all creatures shall I compare you, O Virgin? You are greater than them all O Covenant, clothed with purity instead of gold! You are the Ark in which is found the golden vessel containing the true manna, that is, the flesh in which divinity resides.” — Athanasius, Homily of the Papyrus of Turin, 71:216 (written in AD 373) ***NOTE THAT ST.ATHANASIUS IS THE ONE WHO COMPOSED THE CANON OF THE BIBLE.

“Recalling these and other circumstances and imploring the Virgin Mary to bring assistance, since she, too, was a virgin and had been in danger, she entrusted herself to the remedy of fasting and sleeping on the ground.” —Gregory of Nazianzen, Oration 24:11 (written in A.D. 379)

EARLY CHRISTIANS CELEBRATED COMMUNION REGULARY AND BELIEVED IN REAL PRESENCE OF JESUS CHRIST

“Consider how contrary to the mind of God are the heterodox in regard to the grace of God which has come to us. They have no regard for charity, none for the widow, the orphan, the oppressed, none for the man in prison, the hungry or the thirsty. They abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer, because they do not admit that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ, the flesh which suffered for our sins and which the Father, in His graciousness, raised from the dead.” — Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Smyrnaeans, 6. (written in 110 A.D.)

“This food we call the Eucharist, of which no one is allowed to partake except one who believes that the things we teach are true, and has received the washing for forgiveness of sins and for rebirth, and who lives as Christ handed down to us. For we do not receive these things as common bread or common drink; but as Jesus Christ our Savior being incarnate by God’s Word took flesh and blood for our salvation, so also we have been taught that the food consecrated by the Word of prayer which comes from him, from which our flesh and blood are nourished by transformation, is the flesh and blood of that incarnate Jesus.” — Justin Martyr, First Apology,66, (written in A.D. 148)

THE EARLY CHRISTIANS FOLLOWED THE BISHOP OF ROME(POPE) AS THE SUCCESSOR OF ST.PETER AND THE LEADER THE CHURCH FOUNDED BY CHRIST

“Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the Church which has obtained mercy, through the majesty of the Mast High God the Father, and of Jesus Christ, His only-begotten Son; the Church which is sanctified and enlightened by the will of God, who farmed all things that are according to the faith and love of Jesus Christ, our God and Saviour; the Church which presides in the place of the region of the Romans, and which is worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of credit, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love…” — Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Romans, Prologue (written in A.D. 110)

“Since, however, it would be very tedious, in such a volume as this, to reckon up the successions of all the Churches, we do put to confusion all those who, in whatever manner, whether by an evil self-pleasing, by vainglory, or by blindness and perverse opinion, assemble in unauthorised meetings; [we do this, I say,] by indicating that tradition derived from the apostles, of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organised at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. For it is a matter of necessity that every Church should agree with this Church, on account of its pre-eminent authority, that is, the faithful everywhere, inasmuch as the apostolic tradition has been preserved continuously by those [faithful men] who exist everywhere.” — Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3:3:2 (written in A.D. 180)

“And he says to him again after the resurrection, ‘Feed my sheep.’ It is on him that he builds the Church, and to him that he entrusts the sheep to feed. And although he assigns a like power to all the apostles, yet he founded a single Chair, thus establishing by his own authority the source and hallmark of the (Church’s) oneness. No doubt the others were all that Peter was, but a primacy is given to Peter, and it is (thus) made clear that there is but one flock which is to be fed by all the apostles in common accord. If a man does not hold fast to this oneness of Peter, does he imagine that he still holds the faith? If he deserts the Chair of Peter upon whom the Church was built, has he still confidence that he is in the Church? This unity firmly should we hold and maintain, especially we bishops, presiding in the Church, in order that we may approve the episcopate itself to be the one and undivided.” — Cyprian, On Church Unity, 4-5 (written in A.D. 251)

These are some of the writings of Early Christians, who were the disciples or students of the 12 apostles. They were the Christian leaders who took charge of the Church following the death of the 12 apostles. They were not only taught by the 12 apostles, they were also first-hand witnesses to the creation of the Church worldwide.  Most of them were martyred by being crucified and beheaded. They gave their lives professing the Trinitarian God, of whom the Second Person of this Trinity gives his literal body and blood to us in Holy Communion.  They gave their lives because they baptised their infant children in this faith. They gave their lives professing that the Virgin Marry was Immaculate (without sin) and they prayed to her, asking for her intercession to God.  They gave their lives professing to be “Catholic,” which means “whole and complete,” and professing their allegiance to the Bishop of Rome (Pope).  These were the Early Christians, in their own words, in their own writings, written by their own hands.

They were the ones empowered by the Holy Spirit (John 16:13 and 1 John 4:6),  and who personally handed on the oral teaching of Jesus Christ, before the New Testament canon was created by the Catholic Church in the late 4th century, at the councils of Rome, Hippo, and Carthage.  One of the great early ones, St. Clement, is actually mentioned in the bible in Philippians 4:3.  None of these early Church Fathers just stood up and started preaching on his own. They followed the Biblical model in Acts of “being sent” (Romans 10:15).  Who sent them?  Jesus sent the 12 apostles (“as the Father sent me, so I send you”). The 12 apostles then laid hands on others and sent them (Acts 6:6).  This apostolic tradition has been followed for 2000 years by the Catholic Church, who continuously lays hands on new disciples in every generation since Jesus walked the earth, and then sends them to the four corners of the earth to preach the good news of Jesus Christ, to forgive sins in His Name, and to bring Jesus to all.

These people were not Protestants neither did they subscribe to the Protestants denominations, sects and cults. Protestants often have some fanciful ideas as to who they were and what they believed, but they can never produce a single document, written by an Early Church Father that backs such fanciful ideas.

Protestants and cultists can turn a blind eye with their rubrid arguments that “those things are not in the Bible”. But they read the writings of Martin Luther,Charles Russel, Eli Soriano, Felix Manalo and others, even though those aren’t in the Bible either!  They can deny it all they like, but history testifies, beyond the shadow of any doubt, that the Early Christians were CATHOLIC, and the Ancient Church was CATHOLIC. The evidence is plain and clear to see, and there is no alternative. I challenge anyone to try to produce an alternative version of history using the writings of the people who lived during that time. I tell you, it cannot be done and they will fail badly.

For Catholics, do not let yourself get trapped in Protestant philosophies and cult psychologies of “it is not in the Bible, so it is not true”. It does not follow that if something is not in the Bible, then it is false as there are many things that are essential to the Christian faith which are not spelled out by the Bible. If that were truly the case, then none of Martin Luther’s writings can be seen as true, because they aren’t in the Bible either!  Take the time to read Church History, in order to point out what Early Christians actually believed and practiced. There were no Baptists, Lutherans, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormons, Elisorians,Manalos in the Early Church. These are traditions of men which started in the 15^th Century based on what people thought Jesus’ Church was all about, rather than on what it actually was. 

Source: CHURCH HISTORY-PART 1: APOSTLES AND EARLY CHRISTIANS WERE CATHOLICS By Aloysius Kayiwa